[19]Mises, “ Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth, “ pp.106–08. [20] Ibid. , p. 106. 这个1920的结论极类似于1989年波兰流行的讽句,路易斯维尔大学的Krzyztof Ostazewski教授报告说:社会主义计划经济是“由一个低能儿操纵的价值切碎机” 。 [21] Mises, Human Action,pp. 706–09:正如米塞斯所说“就连各形各色的社会主义者也一再地说:使他们的大计划得以成功的,是迄今累积的大量财富。但是,同时他们又漠视这个事实——这些财富大部份是依存于过去生产出来的资本财货,从现在的评价和技术知识的观点来看,或多或少是陈旧了的。”Ibid. p. 710. [22] 见 Mises's Notes andRecollections(Spring Mills, Penn. : Libertarian Press, 1978), p. 112.另参阅Murray N.Rothbard, Ludwigvon Mises: Scholar, Creator, Hero(Auburn, Ala. : Ludwig von Mises Institute,1988), pp. 35–38. [23]那么在市场上,消费者按序数评价财货和服务,而企业家按基数估价(估计和预测未来的价格)。参阅Mises, HumanAction, pp. 327–330; Salerno, “ Mises as SocialRationalist, “ pp. 39–49; and Salerno,“ Socialist Economy is Impossible. “ [24]米塞斯在他的回忆录中说:” 他们[社会主义者]未能看到第一个挑战:总是包含取舍也即做出不等评值的经济行动,怎能够凭借方程转化为相等评值?因此社会主义支持者荒谬建议数学交换的替代方程,描绘了在市场经济中消除人的行动的图景。” Mises, Notes and Recollections, p. 112.
[25]他后来在20世纪20年代的商业周期理论完成了这样的合并,接着是他里程碑式的论文《人的行动》。 [26]除了哈耶克和罗宾斯对于所谓社会主义计算或“计数”困难的不幸强调。见下文。 [27]Salerno, “ Mises as Social Rationalist, “ p.44. [28]Israel M. Kirzner, “ TheEconomic Calculation Debate: Lessons for Austrians, “ Review of AustrianEconomics 2(1988): 1–18[PDF]. 哈耶克在此文中造出“发现过程”这个词,见 F.A.Hayek, “ Competition as a Discovery Procedure, “ in New Studies inPhilosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas(Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1978), pp. 179–90. 对柯兹纳企业家概念的批判参阅Murray N.Rothbard, “ Professor Hébert on Entrepreneurship, “ Journal of Libertarian Studies 7(Fall1985): 281–85[PDF]. 关于哈耶克本身在兰格-勒纳之后对于社会主义计算的贡献,参阅F. A. Hayek, “ Socialist Calculation 111: The Competitive'Solution'“ (1940), and” The Use of Knowledgein Society, “ (1945), in Individualism and Economic Order, pp. 181–208; 77–91. [29]Mises, Human Action, p.696. Also see Salerno,“ Mises as social Rationalist, “ pp. 46–47ff.
[30]柯兹纳显然认为,米塞斯在他《人的行动》的社会主义讨论中对企业家的高度关注,表明他已经转变到哈耶克的见解。柯兹纳似乎忽视了米塞斯预测和估价的企业家才能的观念与他“警觉性” 学说的巨大差异。后者完全遗漏了企业家损失的可能性。 [31]Lionel Robbins, TheGreat Depression(New York: Macmillan, 1934). p. 151. [32]F. A. Hayek, The Present State of the Debate, “ in Hayek,Collectivist Economic Planning, p. 212. [33] Oskar Lange, “ On theEconomic Theory of Socialism, Part One, “ p. 67.挪威经济学家及米塞斯见解的捍卫者Trygve Hoff评论说:“且不说这个事实,即中央当局要求解的方程,与私人要求解的方程本质上大不相同,后者倾向于自己自动地解决,而兰格博士必须承认前者没法这样做。”Hoff, Economic Calculation in the Socialist Society, pp. 221–22.这本关于社会主义计算辩论的优秀著作,最初于1938年在挪威出版。相对于柏格森几乎同时的综述论文,霍夫的英译版1949年在英国而非美国出版,尔后湮没无闻。 [34]Oskar Lange,“ The Role of Planningin Socialist Economy, “ in The Political Economy of Socialism(1958)in M.Bornstein, ed. , Comparative Economic Systems, rev. ed. (Homewood, Ill. :Richard D. Irwin, 1969), pp. 170–71.
[35]Oskar Lange, “ TheComputer and the Market, “ in A. Nove and D. Nuti, eds. SocialistEconomics(London: Penguin Books, 1972), pp. 401–02. [36]Yuri M. Maltsev, “Soviet Economic Reforms: An Inside Perspective, “ The Freeman(March 1990). [37]Bergson, “ SocialistEconomics, “ p. 447. [38]One source on thispervasive system in the Soviet Union is Konstantin M. Simis, [39]Michael Polanyi, TheLogic of Liberty(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 111–37 andpassim. [40]Mises, Human Action,pp. 698–99. [41] Peter J. D. Wiles, “Changing Economic Thought inPoland,“ OxfordEconomic Papers 9(June 1957): 202–03. Also see Murray N. Rothbard, “ Ludwig vonMises and Economic Calculation Under Socialism, “ in Lawrence Moss, TheEconomics of Ludwig won Mises, pp. 67–77. [42]Lange, “ The EconomicTheory of Socialism, “ p. 53.
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