相反却不断骚扰、掠夺新兴的私有经济。俄国地方政府的这一行为被认为是阻碍新兴私有经济发展的重要原因。[4] 这一例子说明了即使是研究那些中国改革中特有的问题,也可以借用现代经济学中为研究其他问题而发展出来的分析工具。反过来,不仅转轨经济和中国改革的现状为现代经济学的研究提供了有意思的素材和经验数据,而且运用现代经济学的方法研究转轨和中国改革还丰富和发展了现代经济学。由于政府行为及其对经济的影响是转轨经济中最突出的和最受关注的问题,也是经济发展中带有普遍性的深层次问题,对这一问题的研究自然而然地成为近年来转轨经济学的一个核心内容。而转轨经济学的这一研究也影响和刺激了经济学其他领域的研究。它对发展经济学有直接的影响——毕竟在制度环境方面发展中经济与转轨经济有相似之处——比如推动了研究政府行为与民营经济发展的关系。它还引发了90年代形成的一些新的经济学(包括金融)的研究热点,比如比较世界范围内(包括发达国家)的财政体制、法律体系和金融监管体制并分析它们对政府行为、企业融资和经济表现的影响,而这些都不是以往研究的焦点。由此看出,对转轨经济和对中国改革的研究的确也会为现代经济学的发展作出贡献。
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[1] 美国伯克利加州大学经济系教授 (Email: yqian@econ.berkeley.edu)。作者感谢(以姓名拼音为序)白重恩、陈旗、姜纬、茅于轼、王则柯、吴敬琏、肖梦和许成钢对本文初稿提出的建议。 [2] 本文中所指的经济学是按照国际惯例定义的经济学学科,即国内所说的理论经济学和应用经济学这两个“一级学科”名下的全部“二级学科”,包括宏观、微观、计量、金融、财政、产业、劳动、环境、国际(世界)、发展、比较、经济史、政治经济学等。 [3] 值得指出的是,“自利”动机并不排除经济人(如父母)将他人(如子女)的福利作为本人效用的一部份所表现出的“利他”动机。 [4] 有趣的是,与当前中国政府的财政收权、税收不断提高的情况相对照,最近俄国的财税改革取得重大突破,实行了在成熟的市场经济都因政治原因无法实行的单一税率的个人所得税制。中国的财政收权是否加速了它近年来经济增长的减缓,俄国的财税改革对个人的激励是否有助于它当前的经济复苏,都有待进一步的研究。
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